Reconciling Religious and Scientific Perspectives of Creation Essay

Reconciling Religious and Scientific Perspectives of Creation In the beginning was the well-favoured bang,i writes John Polkinghorne, a physicist turned theologian. As the reader follows through and through the remainder of his cosmic creation tier, the reader is intrigued at how mystical and religious the story sounds. The quadriceps femoris boiled, in the rapid expansion of the inflation era, blowing the universe apart with incredible rapidity in the much less than 10-30 seconds that it lasted. . . . The world suddenly became transparent and a universal sea of radiation was left to continue cooling on its own . . .ii Then, the story unfolds to tell of the creation of hydrogen and helium and the creation of stars. The final stage of stars follow, which in turn gives rise to conditions that are favorable for the formation of life.iii Though seemingly mystical, the story of the cosmic creation is also the epitome of logic. As we rewind the story of creation, we see a definite causal link between one event and another. Why do we have life? Because we have carbon. Why do we have carbon? Because of the chemical reaction in stars. Why do we have the chemical reactions in stars? Because . . . and this chain will continue, explaining one phenomenon as an personnel of another. The story is in fact the triumph of human reason. However, if we rewind the story long enough, we find ourselves reaching a dead end In the beginning was the braggy bang. A beginning is where there is no before. However, how can something be when there is no prior? The question of the origin is further complicated when we see how all right tuned the universe is. For the emergence of life, the universe had to have initial conditions at the point of origin ... ... with a whole number amount of spin (as opposed to half(a) a spin).xxxviii Ferris, Coming of Age in the Milky Way, pp. 354-353.xxxix Polkinghorne, The Faith of a Physicist, p. 75.xl Ferris, Comin g of Age in the Milky Way, p. 351.xli Ferris, The Whole Shebang, p. 224.xlii Greene, pp. 357-358.xliii Ibid., p. 358. Brian Greene then says that Brandenberger and Vafa verified this phenomenon through detailed calculations.xliv Ibid.xlv Ibid., p. 362. The Nugget that gave rise to our universe is one of the many nuggets that were formed in prehistory of our universe. This theory is still a speculation and is not wide accepted like the string theory. Therefore, the theory about the cosmic prehistory should be taken as a possible solution and not as the definite answer.xlvi Found in Davies, p. 148.xlvii Davies, p. 232.

Roman Women and Their Mythology :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Roman Wo men and Their MythologyThroughout the ages myths, legends and fairytales have been used to teach people basic moral and educational lessons. For example, mothers and fathers use the childhood story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears to teach their children that stealing and snooping is wrong. In the end, Goldilocks was either eaten or she ran away, depending on your bloodthirsty nature. By victimization this comparison between myths and reality the Romans were able to control their women, and to discourage them from vain, romantic and adulterous actions. Women themselves had a very low place in Roman society, and could be bought and sold like cattle or slaves. Despite their low legal status, women had immense power and influence over their fathers, brothers and husbands. These myths and legends were societys guidebook, which provided women with a manual about limit conduct. Despite being a guidebook for all women to use, the Romans couldnt simply say, Look what happened to t hat mythical person. You shouldnt do what she did. This would have led to a very depressing and sluggish set of myths, so the Romans spruced them up a bit. They portrayed both good and bad pictures of women, including the Goddesses. Some of these stories were funny and some sad, but every single unrivalled had a lesson which could be learnt and acted upon. For example, the Amazons were a legendary race of warrior women who despised all men. They killed all the male babies that were born, and kept the female ones. In fact, it was said that the Amazons used the men from a nearby village as sex slaves, so that they wouldnt die out. One day, Hercules came along, and wanted to borrow the Queens belt. Hippolyte, being a woman and all, fell crazily in love with Hercules and readily agreed. But the other Amazons werent impressed, and thinking that Hercules was trying to kill their Queen, charged towards him. Hercules seized Hippolyte and slew her, then ran away with the belt. Needless to say zipper such(prenominal) else was said about the Amazons. This story was used to teach the folly of women who thought they could survive without men. They were dependant on the nearby village, and werent very well organized. They were much better off sticking to their own place in society. But as I said not all depictions were bad. Some were quite nice.

Grandmothers jewelry box :: essays research papers

My Grandmothers Jewelry BoxAn object I found to be most material and interesting is my grandmothers jewellery box. This jewelry box has been an important object in my life since I was a little girl. Whenever I view over, incredible memories leap in my head of my grandmother and me. I chose to write about this jewelry box because its so important to me. Ever since I was a little girl I wanted nothing to a greater extent than to be like my grandmother. My grandmothers jewelry box rests on my nightstand in my bedroom. Its apolished dark wooden box which contains three different compartments. Oneis for necklaces and bracelets, the second earrings, and the third rings. When you open the top theres a little girl dancing in circles while lovely music would play. This jewelry box was bought in the 1930s when my grandmother was only ten. counterbalance now in the present the jewelry box looks like new and still so beautiful. My grandmother started this collection with all her mothers jew elry from when she was a little girl. Year by year the jewelry box would fill up with such stunning things, and I would only wish they could be mine.My grandmother always dressed so beautifully and what made her stand out most was the jewelry she complimented her outfit with. When I stayed at my grandmothers house, dress up was something I loved to do, and I did it almost every day. I would try on almost all of her jewelry she owned and dance around the house. As I grew up and my grandmother started getting older, that jewelry box meant more to me then just playing dress up. I knew how very much the jewelry box meant to my grandmother and every time I glanced at it, it reminds me of how beautiful my grandmother was. At age 80, my grandmother passed away, leaving me the jewelry box. This meant more to me then anything. She knew how much I loved her jewelry and Im thrilled to know when I get older Ill be fitted to show them off, in memory of her. Every time I look at the jewelry box it brings back fond memories of my grandmother and the precious quantify we had together.

Nature of the Conflict in Sophocles Antigone Essay -- Antigone confan

The Nature of the Conflict in Antigone In Sophocles Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone, Charles Paul Segal explains the temperament of the conflict between Antigone and Creon The conflict between Creon and Antigone has its starting point in the problems of law and justice. At any rate, the difference is most explicitly formulated in these terms in Antigones great speech on the divine laws. . . . Against the limited and relative decrees of men she sets the eternal laws of Zeus, the unwritten laws of the gods. She couples her assertion of these absolute laws with her have resolute acceptance of death (460) (64). In Antigone the protagonist, is debase and pious before the gods and would not tempt the gods by leaving the corpse of her brother unburied. She is not humble before her uncle, Creon, because she prioritizes the laws of the gods higher than those of men and because she feels closer to her brother, Polynices, than she does to her uncle. The drama begins with Ant igone inviting Ismene outside the palace doors to tell her privately What, hath not Creon destined our brothers, the one to honoured burial, the other to unburied pathos? Antigones offer to Ismene (Wilt thou aid this hand to lift the dead?) is quickly rejected, so that Antigone must bury Polynices by herself. The protagonist, Antigone, is quickly exploitation into a rounded character, while Ismene interacts with her as a foil, demurring in the face of Creons threat of stoning to death as punishment for violators of his decree regarding Polynices. The chief(prenominal) conflict thusfar observed is that which the reader sees taking shape between Antigone and the king. Antigone is a religious person who is not afraid of death, and who re... ... pervading themes in Sophocles is the justice of the universe. We are to say that, in some sense, cosmic justice ultimately prevails (718). WORKS CITED Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York Harcourt Brace College Publ ishers, 1999. Segal, Charles Paul. Sophocles Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone. In Sophocles A Collection of Critical Essays, edit by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Sophocles. Antigone. Translated by R. C. Jebb. The Internet Classic Archive. no pag. http//classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html Sophocles In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Watling, E. F.. Introduction. In Sophocles The Theban Plays, translated by E. F. Watling. New York Penguin Books, 1974.

african americans in the civil war :: essays research papers fc

African-Americans in the Civil War The foundation for black corporation in the Civil War began more than a hundred years before the outbreak of the war. Blacks in America had been in bondage since early compound times. In 1776, when Jefferson proclaimed mankinds inalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the institution of striverry had become firmly established in America. Blacks worked in the tobacco fields of Virginia, in the rice fields of South Carolina, and toiled in sm entirely farms and shops in the North. Foner and Mahoney report in A House Divided, America in the get on with of Lincoln that, In 1776, slaves composed forty percent of the population of the colonies from Maryland south to Georgia, but well below ten percent in the colonies to the North. The initiation of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 provided a demand for cotton thus increasing the demand for slaves. By the 1800s slavery was an institution throughout the South, an institution in which slaves had few rights, and could be sold or leased by their owners. They lacked any voice in the government and lived a life of hardship. Considering these circumstances, the slave population never abandoned the desire for freedom or the determination to resist control by the slave owners. The slaves reaction to this desire and determination resulted in outright rebellion and individual acts of defiance. However, historians place the strongest reaction in the enlisting of blacks in the war itself. Batty in The Divided Union The Story of the enormous American War, 1861-65, concur with Foner and Mahoney about the importance of outright rebellion in their analysis of the Nat Turner Rebellion, which took place in 1831. This revolt demonstrated that not all slaves were willing to accept this institution of slavery passively. Foner and Mahoney note that the significance of this uprising is found in its aftermath because of the numerous reports of insubordinate behavior by slave s. 8 Individual acts of defiance ranged from the use of the Underground Railroad - a secret, organized network of people who helped fugitive slaves reach the Northern states and Canada - to the daily resistance or silent sabotage found on the plantations. Stokesbury acknowledges in, A Short History of the Civil War, the existence of the Underground Railroad but disagrees with other historians as to its importance. He notes that it never became as well organized or as successful as the South believed.

african americans in the civil war :: essays research papers fc

African-Americans in the Civil War The foundation for black participation in the Civil War began more than a hundred years before the outbreak of the war. Blacks in America had been in bondage since early colonial times. In 1776, when Jefferson proclaimed mankinds untransferable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the institution of slavery had become firmly established in America. Blacks worked in the tobacco fields of Virginia, in the rice fields of atomic number 16 Carolina, and toiled in small farms and shops in the North. Foner and Mahoney report in A House Divided, America in the Age of Lincoln that, In 1776, slaves composed forty pct of the population of the colonies from Maryland south to Georgia, but well below ten percent in the colonies to the North. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 provided a demand for cotton thus increasing the demand for slaves. By the 1800s slavery was an institution throughout the South, an institution in wh ich slaves had few rights, and could be sell or leased by their owners. They lacked any voice in the government and lived a life of hardship. Considering these circumstances, the slave population never abandoned the desire for freedom or the determination to resist control by the slave owners. The slaves reply to this desire and determination resulted in directly rebellion and individual acts of defiance. However, historians place the strongest reaction in the enlisting of blacks in the war itself. Batty in The Divided Union The Story of the Great American War, 1861-65, concur with Foner and Mahoney about the importance of outright rebellion in their analysis of the Nat Turner Rebellion, which took place in 1831. This revolt demonstrated that not all slaves were willing to accept this institution of slavery passively. Foner and Mahoney argumentation that the significance of this uprising is found in its aftermath because of the numerous reports of insubordinate behavior by slave s. 8 Individual acts of defiance ranged from the use of the Underground railway - a secret, organized network of people who helped fugitive slaves reach the Northern states and Canada - to the daily resistance or silent sabotage found on the plantations. Stokesbury acknowledges in, A Short History of the Civil War, the existence of the Underground Railroad but disagrees with other historians as to its importance. He notes that it never became as well organized or as successful as the South believed.

The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society

Group research paper The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society Technology and ordination or technology and culture name to the recurring co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of technology and society upon the other (technology upon culture, and vice-versa) (Websters Dictionary 5060). There ar an extraordinary number of examples how science and technology has helped us that can be seen in society now. One great example is the mobile phone. Ever since the invention of the telephone society was in need of a much take-away device that they could use to talk to throng.This high demand for a new product led to the invention of the mobile phone, which did, and still do, greatly influence society and the way mass live their lives. Now many people are accessible to talk to whomever they want no matter where any of the two people are. All these little changes in mobile phones, like Internet access, are further examples of the cycle of co-production. Societys need for creation able to c every(prenominal) on people and be available e very(prenominal)where resulted in the research and development of mobile phones.They in turn influenced the way we live our lives. As the populace relies more and more on mobile phones, additional features were requested. This is in any case true with todays modern media fraud. Society besides de circumstanceined the changes that were make to the previous generation media player that the manufactures developed. Take for example, todays media players. At the beginning, cassettes were being utilize to store data. However, that method was large and cumbersome so the manufactures developed compact disks, which were scurvyer and could celebrate more data.Later, compact disks were again too large and did non hold enough data that forced todays manufactures to create MP3 players, which are sm tout ensemble and holds large amount of data. Todays society determined the course of events that many manufactures took to imp roving their products so todays consumers will purchase their products. feeling back into ancient history, sparings can be tell to have arrived on the scene when the occasional, spontaneous exchange of goods and services began to occur on a less occasional, less spontaneous basis.It probably did not take long for the fudger of arrowheads to realize that he could probably do a lot wear by concentrating on the devising of arrowheads and barter for his other needs. Clearly, regardless of the goods and services bartered, some amount of technology was involvedif no more than in the making of shell and bead jewelry. Even the shamans potions and sacred objects can be said to have involved some technology. So, from the very beginnings, technology can be said to have spurred the development of more elaborate economies.In the modern world, superior technologies, resources, geography, and history give rise to robust economies and in a well-functioning, robust economy, economic excess nat urally flows into greater use of technology. Moreover, because technology is such an inseparable better of human society, especially in its economic aspects, funding sources for (new) technological endeavors are virtually illimitable. However, while in the beginning, technological investment involved little more than the time, efforts, and skills of one or a few men, today, such investment whitethorn involve the collective labor and skills of many millions.Technology has frequently been driven by the military, with many modern applications being developed for the military before being adapted for civilian use. However, this has always been a two-way flow, with industry oftentimes taking the lead in developing and adopting a technology that is only afterwards adopted by the military. Winston (2003) provides an excellent summary of the estimable implications of technological development and deployment. He states in that respect are four major ethical implications Challenges tr aditional ethical norms.Because technology impacts relationships among individuals, it challenges how individuals deal with each other, even in ethical ways. One example of this is challenging the definition of human biography as embodied by debates in the areas of abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, etcetera , which all involve modern technological developments. Creates an aggregation of do. One of the greatest problems with technology is that its detrimental effects are often small, but cumulative.Such is the case with the pollution from the burning of fossil fuels in automobiles. Each individual automobile creates a very small, almost negligible, amount of pollution, nevertheless the cumulative effect could possibly contribute to the global warming effect. Other examples hold accumulations of chemical pollutants in the human body, urbanization effects on the environment, etc. A Lancaster dropping bundles of 4lb stick incendiaries (left), 30lb incendiaries and a cookie (right) Changes the distribution of justice.In essence, those with technology tend to have higher access to justice systems. Or, justice is not distributed equally to those with technology versus those without. Provides great magnate. Not only does technology amplify the ability, and hence the strength, of humans, it also provides a great strategic advantage to the human(s) who hold the greatest amount of technology. Consider the strategic advantage gained by having greater technological innovations in the military, pharmaceuticals, data processors, etc.For example, Bill Gates has considerable influence (even outside of the computing device industry) in the course of human affairs due to his successful implementation of computer technology. Lifestyle In many ways, technology simplifies life. * The rise of a blank class * A more informed society,which can make quicker responses to events and trends * Sets the stage for more complex learning tasks * Increases multi-tasking (al though this may not be simplifying) * planetary net relieve oneselfing * Creates denser social circles * Cheaper prices * Greater specialization in jobs In other ways, technology complicates life. Pollution is a serious problem in a technologically groundbreaking society (from acid rain to Chernobyl and Bhopal) * The increase in transportation technology has brought congestion in some areas * New forms of danger existing as a consequence of new forms of technology, such as the first generation of nuclear reactors * New forms of entertainment, such as video games and internet access could have mathematical social effects on areas such as academic performance * Increased probability of some diseases and disorders, such as obesity * Social disengagement of singular human interaction.Technology has increased the need to talk to more people faster. * Structural unemployment * Anthropocentric climate change Institutions and groups Technology often enables organizational and bureaucra tic group structures that otherwise and heretofore were simply not possible. Examples of this might include * The rise of very large organizations e. g. , governments, the military, health and social welfare institutions, supranational corporations. * The commercialization of leisure sports events, products, etc. McGinn) * The almost instantaneous dispersal of information (especially news) and entertainment around the world. International Technology enables greater knowledge of international issues, values, and cultures. collectible mostly to mass transportation and mass media, the world seems to be a much smaller place, due to the following, among others * Globalization of ideas * Embeddings of values * Population growth and tell Environment Technology provides an understanding, and an appreciation for the world around us.The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle. The more obvious effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and the added pollution of air, water, and land. The more subtle effects include debates over long-term effects (e. g. , global warming, deforestation, natural habitat destruction, coastal wetland loss. ) One of the main problems is the lack of an effective way to remove these pollutants on a large scale expediently.In nature, organisms recycle the wastes of other organisms, for example, plants pee-pee oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, and oxygen-breathing organisms use oxygen to metabolize food, producing carbon dioxide as a by-product, which plants use in a process to make sugar, with oxygen as a waste in the first place. No such mechanism exists for the removal of technological wastes. Humanity at the moment may be compared to a colony of bacterium in a Petri dish with a constant food supply with no way to remove the wastes of their metabolism, the bacteria eventually poison themselves. Spook Country introduces us to the interesting world of information immersion through the eyes of Hollis Henry, a former rock band- Curfews musician and the lead character in the novel. She is confident and ambitious. She quit her band because she was not making enough notes for living, so she decided to start her travel as a journalist. She actually started writing when she was little, even before she became a rock band member. It was obvious that she had a passion for writing.Holliss job is very complicated, she has to untangle all the mysterious things and find out information for the Node magazine which does not really exist yet. Hollis searches for a strange container throughout the built-in novel and when she finally finds it in the end, she discovers that the container is ultimately filled with U. S. Government Money, One hundred million dollars. In a set of fake pallets, along the floor. to the highest degree fourteen inches deep. Little over a ton of U. S. hundreds (Gibson 337). This makes her become a possible target for a Chinese / Cuban group intent on tagging the money with Cesium.She starts in Los Angeles and ends up in Vancouver. Henrys assignment is to interview locative art specialist Bobby Chombo, who took his last name from a computer program which, according to the Applied Numerical Algorithms Group, provides a set of tools for implementing finite difference methods for the solution of partial differential equations on block-structured adaptively refined rectangular grids. Bobby is a computer geek with a fascination for the intersection of virtual space and real space. He specializes in geospatial technologies.He got into locative art after a career working navigational systems for the US military, and uses his expertise to place works of art on a VR grid mapped over real cities and towns. In my opinion, Gibsons story is not only about locative art and how weird our world is becoming he also has the good graces to give us a spy story, which deals with the ubiquity of information in a differ ent way. Agent Brown and his captive junkie Russian translator, Milgrim, are on the tail of a Cuban-Chinese Spetsnaz-trained ninja believed (rightly) by the US government to be smuggling information to an unknown entity for an unknown purpose.Brown relies on satellite information to track him, another motion to the ubiquity of information, and keeps Milgrim in the dark about his actual affiliation and intent. Milgrim experiences a big shock in his life as he boards a special K stream to Vancouver. He looses his mind completely which has never happened to him before. Prior to boarding a Jet stream, he was excited to get his hair and makeup through with(p) in Washington, DC free by Browns attache. Later in the novel, Milgrim crashes car in an attempt to kill Tito but he manages to ladder and steals Hollis Henrys purse which contains five thousand dollares given to her by proxy from a dead band mate, heroin overdose, Jimmy Carlyle. After all these activities are over, Milgrim wakes up in a nice bed with a nice egg breakfast next to him. As a drug addict, he is very calm and focused on what he is doing. He works with Brown very closely, their relationship is more like Brown takes control of everything and gives orders to Milgrim. They work in New York in the beginning. Milgrim is a prisoner of the world of information.In Spook Country, Gibsons use of these three characters together, lets the story of Tito, Brown and Milgrim, and Hollis build to a conclusion which amounts to a great big middle finger to the war in Iraq. Gibson has illustrated characters looking, literally, for their place in the world, and they have shown that the world we live in today did not turn out to be the futurist paradise we might have wanted, validating our inevitable escape into the digital. No flying cars, no deception pill hamburgers, and no pocket computers, but works of art that we can only see if we are wearing virtual reality goggles, standing on a particular street corner.Inf ormation is all around us, rather than a thing into which we insert ourselves. The topics that I researched were the Santeria religion, Ochun, the National warrantor Agency (NSA), and the term Big Brother. These topics were all related in the novel Spook Country by William Gibson. Technology played a big a part in the plot from robots to cell phones to computers. Information as commodity was also a major influence in this novel with the use of Ipods, newspapers, and surveillance cameras. The characters depended aery on all these items as tools of survival.I will discuss the history, the development, and impact among the Santeria religion, Ochun, the National Security Agency (NSA) and the term Big Brother. Santeria (also know as La Regla Lucumi) is a combination of the West African Yoruba religion and Catholicism. The Way of the Saints, Santeria or as the descendants of the Afro-Caribbean tradition in Cuba prefers to call it. Santeria rather overemphasizes the Catholic elements in the religion, which was essentially an African spiritual path, developed by their ancestors (www. african holocaust. net).They attempted to covert Africans but while they accepted the teaching they found it did not provide religious fulfillment. They continued to practice their own rituals which they found was useful and effective, most importantly, filled the spiritual void in their lives. It was brought to Cuba originally by the African slaves who were brought by the Spaniards to that island. Santeria believes in one creator, one All Mighty God (Olorun Olodumare), who created the other semi-gods or entities called Orishas, to deal with every facet of human life a nature itself.They interceded in on our behalf just as the Catholic saints intercede. Although the African slaves were not allowed to express their religion freely they had to disguise their gods, with those of the slave owners (www. santeriaspells. com) to a lower place is a small list (marked with an asterisk) what a re called the septet African Powers 1. Olodumare (God Almighty) 2. * Ellegua (Sant Anthony of Padua) 3. * Obatala (La Virgen de Las Mercedes) 4. * Yemaya (La Virgen de Regla) 5. * Chango (Santa Barbara) 6. * Oya (Santa Therese de Jesus) 7. * Ochun (Las Caridad del Cobre) 8. * Ogun (San Pedro)In the Santeria religion Eleggua is the keeper of the roads and the world. Eleggua is the gatekeeper that stands in the path of life and celestial grounds. Ellegua is an Orisha (spirit) associated with opening the ways, or crossroads. Often depicted as a child or a small man, he is playful and a cheat god. During the ceremonies worshippers would often have a cement head this is apart of the ritual A cement head with a metal spike in the top, and cowrie shells for eyes and mouth, as a representation of Ellegua which receives offerings and protects in return (wikipedia. org).The Babalu Aye is the Orisha name for St. Lazarus it means Father of the World he is commonly referred to the Father of th e World. His colors are brown, black and purple. His number is 17 his symbols are two dogs and crutches. He is portrayed dressed in burlap. He is offered white wine, popcorn, sesame seed candy and a variety of grains, beans, and seeds. more Cubans hold a vigil starting the night of December 16th. They get together and light candles and make offerings to Babulu Aye and wait for him to arrive at midnight. Come midnight they ask for San Lazaro to watch over them nd keep them and their families safe and healthy. Today, December 17, is Babalu Aye day in the Afro-Cuban religion (www. babalublog. com). In Cuban Santeria, Oshun (sometimes spelled Ochun or Ochun) is the goddess of love, of money and indeed of happiness. She brings all the good things of life (www. angelfire. com). This goddess is adorned with jewelry she speaks to one of her birds, the parrot. She is the goddess of sweet water, she is found close together(p) fresh water, at rivers, ponds, and especially waterfalls. Offerin gs are sometimes left at the waterfalls for her.Ochun loves to dance and make merry but she does have a serious side. Many offerings are sometimes left for her at the waterfalls. Many ceremonies are located at the river (www. angelfire. com). Her favorite day of the week is Saturday and the number she is associated with is 5 (wkipedia. org). Its been known that she had to sell her body in order to return her children and the other Orishas came and took her children away. Oshun went insane from heartache and became depress. She wore the same white dress everyday it turns yellow over time.A gentleman by the name of Aje-Shaluga, another Orsiha, they pelt in love while she was washing her dress. He supplied her with money, and gems that he gathered from the bottom of the river. They became married and she was reunited with her children again. Ochun has played a great role in Cuban history, revealing herself as the Virgin Mary to three copper miners caught in a storm at sea in the seve nteenth century and also assisted Cuban soldiers, who sewed portraits of her in their uniforms, during the second war of independence in 1895.Ochun has been called La Virgin Mambisa, in commemoration of her fierceness in trash for the independence of Cuba Castros Movement the 26th of July used the colors red and black, which are the colors of Eleggua (www. african holocaust. net). This religion welcomes all doctors, lawyers, politicians, thieves and pimps. All those who seek the power to control their own lives and want to lead them in accord with the deepest parts of their beings are candidates for initiation into Santeria. This religion seems to be an open one that accepts all races there is no discrimination within this religion.Santeria is a religion of trance, mystery, possession, blood and sex. If you want to know more, go to the ceremonies, burn the candles and dance to the drums. Skin color or phrase is no barriers. The ancient gods will recognize their own (www. Moonweb/S anteria/Intor. html). The National Security Agency (NSA) was created in November 1952 provided United States decision makers and leaders for more than 50 eld (The Shadow Factory The Ultra-Secret NSA form 9/11 to the eavesdropping on America. ).The NSA is the largest, most secretive, and most powerful intelligence agency in the world. With a staff of cardinal thousand people, it dwarfs the telephone exchange Intelligence Agency (CIA) in reckon, manpower, and influence ( luggage compartment of Secrets Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency). Cryptologists laid the foundation of the critical role of all major conflicts In 1956, the General canid enlisted the help of an outside management firm to examine the agencys problems. The consultants recommended a complete change.The repercussions, according to a later on National Security Agency (NSA) report, lasted more than thirty years. Signals intelligence would be organized according to target-countries China and Commun ist Asia and so on. Each of the section would include specific disciplines, such as cryptanalysis and traffic analysis (42). On November 23, 1956, Ralph Canine walked out of National Security Agency for the last time as Director. A message from Howard Campaigme I was surprised to learn later that the people above him didnt think nearly as much of him as we did. Mr.Canine made a tremendous impression (43). There efforts of the use of radio intercept, radio directional finding, and processing capabilities gave United States and its Allies a unique advantage in World War I. (www. nsa. gov/History. com). The use of the Radio intercept in the National Security Agency was a vital tool often used in tracking the location of planes, missiles and also served as a communication tool for the pilots. For Years American intercept operators in Turkey had eavesdropped on Soviet radar installations as they tracked the occasional U-2 over flight.But because the spy planes flew far too high for eithe r Russian MIGs or their SA-2 surface-to-air missiles, they were out of harms way. It was like throwing a rock at a passing jetliner. This time, however, something was different something was very wrong Hes move left the American heard a Soviet pilot shout. A few moments later the intercept operators watched the U-2 suddenly disappear from Russian radar screens near Sverdlovsk (49). The United States spends a lot of money to protect its National Security, in 2007 $572. 4 billion dollars on national defense.In 2004 $456 billion dollars was counted for. The total estimated budget for 2007 was $2. 7 trillion dollars. Most expensive components of National defense were the cost for development and testing new highly sophisticated military equipment such as aircraft, ships, and submarines. Spending on Natl defense spiked during World War II. , reaching nearly 90% of the nations total outlays. (National Security The Information Series on Current Topics). The National Security Agency is ov ersea of several federal agencies United States Department of Defense (DOD) United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) certain components After the family 11, 2001 terrorist attacks law makers quickly put together a new law designed to help the US fight the terrorist threat. The new law that was implemented was the Patriot Act which stands for The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required Intercepting and Obstructing Terrorism (Terrorism- Premeditated, politically move violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. The act consists of ten titles human action I. Enhancing Domestic Security against Terrorism (Terrorism- Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents). title II. Enhanced Surveillance Procedures, Title III. International Money La undering Abatement and Anti-terrorist Financing Act of 2001, Title IV. Protecting the boarder, Title V. Removing Obstacles to Investigating Terrorism, Title VI. Providing for Victims of Terrorism, Public Safety Officers, and Their Families, Title VII. Increased Information Sharing For Critical Infrastructure Protection Title VIII. Strengthening the Criminal Laws against Terrorism, Title IX. Improved Intelligence, Title X. Miscellaneous. One of the purposes of the act is to facilitate better cooperation and information sharing between government agencies, particularly between the IC and law enforcement agencies (National Security The Information Series on Current Topics). In 2002 Congress and President George W. Bush created the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States to investigate all the circumstances relating to the terrorist attacks.This investigation resulted in For nearly two years the commission reviewed relevant documents and interviewed more than one thousand people as part of its investigation. In 2004 their findings were published in the 9/11 Commission Report (National Security The Information Series on Current Topics). The term Big Brother came from a fictional character in George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The novel was about a dictator of Oceania, a totalitarian state take to its last(a) logical consequence. This is where the ruling elite (The Party) wield total power for its own sake over the inhabitants.The term Big Brother is caused to refer to any linguistic rule or government that invades the privacy of its citizens (www. barleby. com). Big Brother physical appearance is of Joseph Stalin or Lord Kitchener. His moustache is also similar to Adolf Hitler. After researching there was a lot of information that I learned about the Santeria religion, Ochun, the National Security Agency and the term Big Brother. I learned the history of the Santeria religion, the Seven African Powers, the gate keeper Eleggua, the Father of the World Babalu Aye.I read about The National Security Agency development and its functions within the Agency. I also discovered the birth of the term Big Brother affect this term had on the government. After reading the novel Spook Country by William Gibson the topics that I can relate to are the National Security Agency and the term Big Brother. The event that affects me the most is the bombing of the Twin Towers on September 11. From this event security has increased in airports, on planes, trains, subway stations, buses, malls, schools and also inside Federal Government and other buildings.The term Big Brother is observance you are related also to today because of the September 11th terrorist attack, which brings this term to real life Someone is Watching You. The National Security Agency has made it a top priority to keep the United States a safe and secured country for everyone. Work Cited Applied Numerical Algorithms Group. Lawrence Berkeley National Laborato ry Berkeley, California. 2007. 8 Nov. 2008 http//seesar. lbl. gov/anag/. Bamford, James. Body of Secrets Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency From the Cold War through the Dawn of a New Century.New York Doubleday, 2008. Becker, Ernest. The Structure of Evil. An Essay on the pairing of the Science of Man. New York G. Braziller. 1968. Evans Masters, Kim. National Security The Information Series on Current Topics. Wylie, Texas Information Plus, 2007. Langone, John. National geographics How Things Work Everyday Technology Explained. Washington, D. C. National Geographic Society, 1999. Technology, policy, ethics, and public health a select bibliography Tavani, H. T. Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE Vol. 19, Issue 3 (2000) 26 34.

Abdul Basit

Introduction McShane and Von Glinow state that the best organisational structure depends on the organizations outer environment, size, technology, and strategy (409). To find the best organisational structure for Protege Engineering, I lead first determine what Organizational Structure means. In a second step I will analyze its elements and carve out the important components for the considered organization. Finally I will provide a conclusion and recommendation.Organizational Structures In general, organizational structure is related to the modality that an organization organizes employees and jobs, so that its wrick can be performed and its goals can be met. McShane and Von Glinow define Organizational Structure in more(prenominal) detail they state that organizational structure refers to the division of labor as well as the patterns of coordination, communication, workf low-toned, and nominal power that direct organizational activities (386).To understand what this means we will brook a look at each component. The division of labor is related to the subdivision of work into separate jobs assigned to different concourse (McShane and Von Glinow 386). The patterns of coordination refer to the coordinating of work activities between the employees where they divide work among themselves. This process requires coordinating mechanism to ensure the workflow, which means that everyone works in concert (McShane and Von Glinow 386).The primary means of coordination argon free-and-easy communication which involves sharing information on mutual tasks and forming common mental models to synchronize work activities, Formal hierarchy which refers to the assigning legitimate power to individuals, who whence use this power to direct work processes and allocate resources, and Standardization which involves the creating routine patterns of way or output (McShane and Von Glinow 387).We can admit that free-and-easy communication is incumbent in no routine and amb iguous situations because employees can sub large volume of information through face-to-face communication and other media-rich channels. Therefore informal communication is important for Protege Engineering because their work involve new and novel situations when developing specific solutions for each client. Even if informal communication is difficult in large firms it can be possible when keeping each intersectionion site small (McShane and Von Glinow 388).Now, that we identified what organizational structure means, and that informal communication is prerequisite for Protege Engineering, we penury some more information of how structures differ from each other. McShane and Von Glinow state that every company is configured in terms of four basic elements of organizational structure namely span of turn back, centralization, formalization, and departmentalization (390). Further on, I will explain these four elements and carve out what this means for Protege Engineering.The span o f control refers to the number of people directly account to the next level hierarchy (McShane and Von Glinow 390). Todays research found out that a wider span of control (many employee directly reporting to the management) is more appropriate especially for companies with staff members that coordinate their work mainly through standardized skills and do not require close supervision equivalent the highly skilled employees of Protege Engineering (McShane and Von Glinow 390-391).However, McShane and Von Glinow also state that a wider span of control is possible when employees have routine jobs and a narrow span of control when people perform novel jobs. This statement is based on the need for frequent direction and supervision. Another influence on the span of control is the dot of interdependence among employees. Employees that perform highly interdependent work with one another need a narrow span of control because they tend to have more conflicts with one another.I assume that the employees working for Protege Engineering do not require close supervision because they are highly educated have university layers in these field and a few have doctorates therefore, a wider span of control allows the employees to work in self-directed teams that coordinate mainly through informal communication and formal hierarchy plays a minor role (McShane and Von Glinow 390-391). Centralization evanesces when formal decision authority is held by a small group of people (McShane and Von Glinow 393).Companies often decentralise when they become larger and their environment more complex however, different degrees of decentralization can occur simultaneously in different party of the organization. In my opinion, the power of decision-making should be decentralized in the considered company because the mentioned projects demand highly specialized knowledge, which cannot be provided by the head of the organization. Formalization is the degree to which organizations standardiz e behavior through rules, procedures, formal training, and related mechanism (McShane and Von Glinow 393).Usually larger organizations tend to have more formalization because direct supervision and informal communication among employees do not operate easily when larger numbers of people are involved. Notwithstanding that Protege Engineering employs about 600 individuals, I assume that a high degree of formalization is not appropriate because their jobs cannot be standardized, every project is customized to the client and has therefore novel and new components.Another evidence against formalization is, that formalization tends to reduce organizational flexibility, organizational learning, creativity and job satisfaction, which the employees of Protege Engineering definitely need (McShane and Von Glinow 409). Regarding the first three elements of organizational structure we can admit that Protege Engineering should have an organic structure because organizations with organic structur es operate with a wide span of control, decentralized decision making, and little formalization (McShane and Von Glinow 395).This structure works well in dynamic environments because they are very flexible to change, more compatible with organizational learning, high performance workplaces, and quality management because they emphasize information sharing and an appoint workforce rather than hierarchy and status (McShane and Von Glinow 395). Departmentalization specifies how employees and their activities are grouped together alike(p) presented in an organizational chart of the organization (McShane and Von Glinow 395).A functional structure organizes organizational members around specific knowledge or other resources, which enhances specialization and direct supervision however, functional structure weakens the focus on the client or product (McShane and Von Glinow 396-397). A functional structure would not support Protege Engineering because the success of this company highly de pends on especially developed products for its clients therefore, this organization should focus on the satisfaction of its clients rather than focusing on organizing employees around specific resources.A divisional structure organizes groups of employees around geographic areas, clients or products in very flat team-based structures with low formalization. This structure seems to be very appropriate for Protege Engineering because it focuses employees attention on products or clients and self-directed teams with low formalization. However, there are some disadvantages that need to be considered, like duplicating resources and creating silos of knowledge. Conclusion and testimonial In the introduction I stated that the best organizational structure depends on the organizations external environment, size, technology, and strategy.We found out that Protege Engineering should have an organic organizational structure because a wide span of control, decentralized decision-making, and li ttle formalization will organizes employees and jobs so that Protege Engineering work can best be performed and its goals can best be met. Furthermore, McShane and Von Glinow give the advice that corporate leader should formulate and implement strategies that shape twain characteristics of the contingencies as well as the organizations resulting structure (409). This advice is very valuable because the structure of an organization should follow its strategy and not vice versa. . many another(prenominal) organizations think that they integrate organizational endings when merging or getting other companies. Explain what does integrating organizational cultures means? Under what conditions is this strategy most promising to succeed? Case 6 integrate Organizational Cultures Introduction Every organization has its own culture. According to McShane and Von Glinow organizational culture stands for the values and assumptions shared within an organization (416). When companies are mer ging with, or acquiring, other companies the likelihood is very high that the organizational cultures differ from each other.To avoid that the new company ends up with devil different cultures, there need to be any kind of integrating organizational cultures. First I will explain what integrating organizational cultures means and second I will present the conditions under which this strategy is most likely to succeed. Finally, I will provide a conclusion and recommendation. Merging Organizational Culture The necessity of merging organizational cultures becomes clear when regarding that failures to coordinate activity, based on cultural conflict, contribute to the widespread failure of corporate mergers (Weber and Camerer 412).Differences in culture in an organization lead to consistent decreased performance for both employees after the merger, and there is an evidence of conflict from the differences in culture, which could be a possible source for the high turnover rate followin g mergers (Weber and Camerer 412). McShane and Von Glinow also state that most mergers and acquisitions fail in terms of subsequent performance of the merged organization and that this happens because leaders fail to conduct due-diligence of the corporate cultures (426).At this point, we can admit that some forms of integration may allow companies with different cultures to merge successfully. One strategy in avoiding cultural collisions is to conduct a bicultural audit. A bicultural audit is a process of diagnosing cultural relations between companies and determining the extent to which cultural clashes will likely occur (McShane and Von Glinow 427). The bicultural audit identifies cultural differences and determines those that possibly result in conflict. In addition, it also identifies values that provide a common earthly concern on which cultural foundations can be built.Finally, it identifies strategies and prepares action plans to bring the two merging cultures together (McS hane and Von Glinow 427). In some cases the bicultural audit may identify that the two cultures are too different to merge effectively however, the companies can still form a workable union, if appropriate merger strategies are applied (McShane and Von Glinow 427). alike(p) the following illustration shows, McShane and von Glinow provide four main strategies to merge different corporate cultures successfully. Figure 4 Strategies for MergingDifferent Organizational Cultures Source McShane and Von Glinow 428. The first strategy is Assimilation, which occurs when employees at the acquired company willingly embrace the cultural values of the acquiring organization (McShane and Von Glinow 427). This strategy is most likely to succeed when the employees of the acquired company are looking for forward motion because they have a weak, dysfunctional culture and the acquiring company has a strong culture, which is aligned with the external environment (McShane and Von Glinow 427).The second strategy is Deculturation, which means that the acquiring company is imposing their culture and business practices on the acquired organization (McShane and von Glinow 428). However, this strategy rarely works because employees usually resist organizational change, especially regarding personal and cultural values. Sometimes deculturation may be necessary for voice, when the culture of the acquired company does not work effectively (McShane and von Glinow 428). The third strategy and the strategy which the given case is intercommunicate for is the Integration Strategy.This strategy is a combination of the two or more cultures into a new composite culture that preserves the best features of the previous cultures (McShane and Von Glinow 428). That sounds like a good compromise, but the integration strategy is slow and potentially risky because there are many forces preserving the active cultures (McShane and Von Glinow 428). McShane and Von Glinow also state that mergers typical ly suffer when organizations with significantly divergent corporate cultures merge into a single entity with a high degree of integration (McShane and Von Glinow 427).This strategy works best when both sides can benefit from an integration strategy for example, when the existing cultures of both companies are not optimal and could use some improvements. The negative aspects of the integration strategy for example being very time-consuming result from the employees being resistant to changes, or ambiguous rules which are also a source of conflict and often occur during mergers and acquisitions (McShane and Von Glinow 335).However, the integration strategy, which is the most effective combination of all existing cultures, is most likely to succeed when the existing cultures can be improved and members of the organization are motivated to adopt a new set of dominant values (McShane and Von Glinow 428). The fourth strategy is separation, which occurs when the merging companies agree t o remain distinct entities with minimal exchange of culture or organizational practices (McShane and Von Glinow 428).This strategy is most suitable when the merging organizations operate in different industries or countries because cultures differ between industries and countries (McShane and Von Glinow 428). Conclusion and Recommendation The integration process of merging companies is a combination of the existing cultures into a new culture that maintains the best features of the previous cultures, and it is most likely to succeed when existing cultures already need improvement so that employees are motivated to accept change.This strategy is particularly challenging when the members of the organization are satisfied with their previous culture because they will be resistant to change. Another very important factor for the success of mergers is the level of commitments made by the employees. Therefore, employees should be brought into the process as wee as possible (Badrtalei and Bates 314).

Biology level

This causes a decrease in lung contract, (intrapulmonary shove) which establishes the pressure gradient from the breeze (1 59 meg) to the alveoli (105 meg) which and then results INSPIRATION. As oxygen is inhaled it enters the external mares (nostrils), from the external mares it moves into the haggard cavity which functions in moistening, filtering and warming of the air. After the nasal cavity the air moves into the internal mares which is located behind the soft pallet of the roof of the mouth.Once the air moves by the internal mares it moves down into the pharynx which is the passageway for pabulum and IR, it then moves down into the larynx which is the first part of the trachea. The larynx contains the epiglottis which is a cartilage flap that restricts food from going into the air pipe, and vice versa. As air moves down from the pharynx into the larynx the epiglottis closes the esophagi and opens the passageway for the air, to go through the glottis into the trachea. Th e trachea is lined with a mucose membrane which catches any debris that is left in the air.The trachea then public figures 2 primary bronchi, one for the left lung and one for the right lung. The primary bronchi draw together he trachea to the lung. The primary bronchi then branch out into secondary bronchi which form the lobes of the lung. The left lung contains 2 secondary bronchi resulting in 2 lobes and the right lung contains 3 secondary bronchi which result in 3 lobes. The secondary bronchi then branch into tertiary bronchi, these then branch into smaller tubules called bronchioles.The first part of the bronchioles is cognize as the terminal bronchioles, which then sub-divide into respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles then sub-divide into alveolar consonant ducts around the recurrence of the alveolar ducts are numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs. Alveolar sacs consist of two types of alveoli which share a common opening. The two types of alveoli are type 1 and type 2 cells. Type 1 cells have a continuous lie of the alveolar wall, and type 2 cells are called septa cells and are found between type 1 cells, they are also fewer in number.Type 1 alveolar cells are the main alveolar cells for gas exchange. Once 02 has reached the alveolus it can then diffuse into the capillaries. The process of diffusion is when pressures move from a higher pressure to a rower pressure through a pressure gradient. Oxygen is able to move from the atmosphere to the alveoli because it has a APP of McHugh and the Alveoli has a APP of McHugh. Once the oxygen moves from the atmosphere through the air passage into the alveoli it can then diffuse into the capillaries where APP is McHugh. 2 is able to move from the alveoli into the capillaries due to the process of diffusion (high pressure to low pressure through a pressure gradient). Once the 02 enters the capillaries it is then picked up by erythrocytes (RUB s) where it attached to the hammed portion of the hemog lobin. APP in the inception is McHugh. Once the 02 is in the Orbs it can then diffuse into the tissues where the APP is 40 meg. As oxygen is being inspired, CO is being expired in the opposite direction. CO starts off in the tissues at a APPC of 45 meg, it then diffuses into the capillaries where its APPC is might.Once the CO is in the capillaries it can then attach to RUB where the degenerated gunstock now has a APPC of might. Once in the red blood cells the CO can then diffuse into the alveoli where APPC is might. Once the CO enters the alveoli, the respiratory muscles then relax. Which then leads to the decrease in the size of the thorax, increase in thoracic pressure, decrease in lung size, and increase in lung pressure, which established the pressure gradient from the alveoli to the atmosphere, which the results in EXPIRATION.Once oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli it attaches to the hammed portion of the hemoglobin. A hemoglobin molecule consists of a protein cal led globing. Globing is do up of 4 polypeptide chain, each polypeptide chain contains a hammed portion, and at the center of each hammed portion is an iron molecule that oxygen can attach to. then each hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 oxygen molecules. The oxygenated blood will then travel from the lungs, through the pulmonary veins, back into the left atrium of the heart.The AS guest will then send an impulse to the VA node. The AS node functions as a pacemaker of the heart which sets its rhythm. The AS node makes sure that the ventricle and the atria do non contract at the same time. Once the impulse is sent to the VA node, it is then passed on to the VA bundles, also known as the Bundle of His. The VA bundles then branch in to 2 different ranches, the right and left, which then move down the septum into the pureeing fibers.Forcing the blood through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, which then open the aortic seminar valve, forcing the blood through the aorta, into the abdominal aorta, then into the common iliac artery, through the external iliac artery, to the femoral artery, which will then lead the blood to the deep artery of the thigh. The blood will then flow into the quadriceps of the muscle where in that respect is an open wound, and this is where the blood will begin to clot. Blood coagulate or Coagulation is a complex sequence of events (chemical reactions) that causes blood to go from liquid to gel.Consistency of blood is due to the composition of a network of fibers consisting of fibrin protein and it involves more than a dozen chemicals called clotting factors. Clotting factions include Ca ions phosphoric associated with lipids and a mixture of lepidopterist and phosphoric released from damaged tissues. The blood clotting process involves three major stages. 1) formation of praiseworthiness, 2) formation of thrombi, 3) and the formation of fibrin. For this specific case there is an open wound in the quadriceps, which triggers t he body to use the extrinsic clotting mechanism.The extrinsic clotting mechanism is used when there is tissue damage, bleeding and when the body is in need of rapid clot formation, this occurs within a few seconds. The damaged tissue then releases a tissue factor known as thermoplastic into the blood. The thermoplastic then activated a protein in the plasma called factor x, with the aid of calcium this then forms the enzyme known as praiseworthiness. laudableness is an enzyme that converts promoting to thrombi.Promoting is an inactive enzyme in the plasma, with the help of praiseworthiness it can be converted to thrombi which is an activated enzyme. For thrombi to be active ca+ must be presence. Thrombi is an activated enzyme which converts indicant to fibrin. Forefinger are soluble clotting proteins in plasma, this is then converted to fibrin with the help of thrombi. Fibrin are insoluble thread like proteins, which form across the wound, which form a net like structure that tr aps platelets and RUB s which creates a plug across the wound, which results in a stoppage of bleeding. Question 2