Capitalization of Names of Academic Disciplines

Capitalization of Names of Academic Disciplines Capitalization of Names of Academic Disciplines Capitalization of Names of Academic Disciplines By Mark Nichol When do you capitalize a word or phrase that denotes an academic discipline? This post details the distinctions between these terms as proper nouns and as generic descriptions. If you’re writing a rà ©sumà © or a biographical blurb for yourself or someone else, or editing one, or you’re otherwise referring to an academic discipline, begin one or more words with uppercase or lowercase letters depending on whether the text pertains merely to the discipline itself or to an entity devoted to the discipline, such as a course, a department, or an institution. Note the following examples: â€Å"My course load includes classes in French and astronomy,† but â€Å"My favorite classes last semester were French III and Introduction to Astronomy.† â€Å"He obtained a degree in Asian studies,† but â€Å"He enrolled in the Department of Asian Studies† (or â€Å"the Asian Studies Department†). â€Å"It has always been her ambition to study architecture,† but â€Å"The building that houses the School of Architecture is a disgrace to the discipline.† When references to academic disciplines are listed, as on a business card or a rà ©sumà ©, or in institutional promotional text such as flyers or in lists, they are labels rather than prose, so capitalization is acceptable. On a related note, take care to distinguish between singular and plural terms. For example, social science is a specific academic discipline, the study of society. However, the social sciences are, collectively, the academic disciplines pertaining to humans, such as archaeology, economics, geography, and so on (including social science). (Likewise, observe the distinction between communications and â€Å"mass communication.†) Again, both terms are capitalized only as part of a proper name (for example, â€Å"the Department of Social Science,† â€Å"the Institute of Social Sciences†). In addition, because they constitute standing phrases, they are not hyphenated as a phrasal adjective. (For example, â€Å"The paper examines athletics from a social science perspective.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†The Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetArtist vs. Artisan

Protein Synthesis Essays

Protein Synthesis Essays Protein Synthesis Essay Protein Synthesis Essay In order to understand 1) protein synthesis, or the production of proteins, it is important to understand RNA and how it is transcribed from DNA. And in order to understand 2) transcription, or the process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA, it is important to understand both the structure and replication of DNA, which is the source of the genetic information that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them. A DNA molecule is made up of two long chains of nucleotides, which are the basic structural units of nucleic acids. One nucleotide consists of three parts: a sugar molecule, called 3) deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a 4) nitrogen-containing base. The two nucleotides are covalently bonded together between the deoxyribose and phosphate molecules. A key concept to also understand is that there are four kinds of nitrogen-containing bases. This is important because they bond with each other by means of hydrogen bonds in a way that forms the 5) double helix shape of DNA and the way they pair led to suggestions of how DNA copies itself. The four kinds of nitrogen-containing bases are 6) adenine, 7) guanine, 8) cytosine, and 9) thymine. 10) Base-pairing rules are two rules that describe how these bases: they state that cytosine bonds with guanine and adenine bonds with thymine. These two pairs of bases are known as 11) complementary base pairs. Because protein synthesis requires RNA, and RNA comes from DNA, there must be enough DNA to produce RNA. The process in which DNA is copied is called 12) replication. Replication occurs when the two nucleotide chains of DNA separate by unwinding, and each chain serves as a template for a new chain. During replication, enzymes called 13) helicases separate DNA’s two chains of nucleotides at the 14) replication fork. Other enzymes, called 15) DNA polymerases, bind to the separated chains, and one at a time construct a new complementary chain of nucleotides based on the sequence of the nitrogen-containing bases. When replication is completed, there are two new exact copies of the original DNA molecule, both of which consist of one new nucleotide chain and bonded to a nucleotide chain from the original DNA. On the off chance that there is a slight change in the nucleotide sequence, which is known as a 16) mutation, a cell may have serious effects. The DNA may be damaged, and it would not produce the correct RNA, which would then cause a production of incorrect proteins, or a deficiency of proteins that are needed. However, the number of errors and mutations in DNA replication is reduced proofreading and repairing by certain enzymes. In eukaryotes, the genes directing protein production are in the nucleus, but the building blocks for enzymes and amino acids are located in the cytosol. Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is responsible for the movement of genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol where protein synthesis occurs. RNA, like DNA, is composed of repeating nucleotides. However, RNA is structurally different from DNA in a few ways. Instead of the sugar molecule a molecule being deoxyribose like it is in DNA, the sugar molecule of RNA is just 17) ribose. Another difference between DNA and RNA is their nitrogen-containing bases. DNA has thymine, but RNA has 18) uracil instead of thymine. A third difference between DNA and RNA is that some forms of RNA are made up of a single nucleotide chain, whereas every DNA molecule consists of two chains of nucleotides. RNA exists in three types: 19) messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic information from the DNA to the cytosol, 20) transfer RNA (tRNA), which binds to certain amino acids, and 21) ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made. RNA must carry the genetic information from DNA to the cytosol through transcription. During transcription, an enzyme called 22) RNA polymerase binds to the 23) promoter of a gene. The promoter marks the beginning of the DNA chain to be transcribed. Then, a complementary copy of that gene’s DNA base sequence is made using RNA nucleotides, thus forming the mRNA. Transcription continues as the RNA polymerase continues adding complementary RNA nucleotides until it reaches the 24) termination signal, where the RNA polymerase releases both the DNA and the new RNA. The transcripts that are produced from transcription are the three types of RNA, all of which are involved in protein synthesis. In protein synthesis, the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule is ranslated into a sequence of amino acids using the 25) genetic code, which correlates between a nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence. The genetic information needed to make proteins is encoded in a series of three mRNA nucleotides; each of which is called a 26) codon that codes for a specific amino acid. The 27) start codon and the 28) stop codons, however do not code for specific amino acids. The start codon, AUG, engages a ribosome to start translating an mRNA molecule, and the stop codons cause the ribosome to stop translating an mRNA. 9) Translation, which is the process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA, begins when the mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and migrates to a ribosome in the cytosol. The tRNA molecule transports freely floating amino acids to the ribosomes and adds a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain as each codon is sequentially paired with its 30) anticodon, a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA. The assembly of a polypeptide starts when a ribosome attaches to AUG, the start codon on an mRNA transcript. The pairing of an anticodon with a codon causes the specified amino acid to attach to the previously translated amino acid, and therefore create a growing polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, translation is brought to an end and the mRNA is released from the ribosome and the polypeptide is complete. Protein synthesis is important because through carrying out the genetic information encoded in an organism’s DNA, the amount and kind of proteins that are produced in a cell determine the cell’s structure and function.

Is Marijuana a Dangerous Drug Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Marijuana a Dangerous Drug - Outline Example To mitigate the effect of our subjectivity on the research we shall need to either develop or adopt pre-established criteria to evaluate the source articles to be used in explaining the molecular activity of marijuana, and its effect on the brain and on human behavior (Granello, 2001). The pre-defined criteria will enable us to focus on the approach to tackle the topic, for instance, shall we utilize sources from a myriad of scientific disciplines (such as internal medicine, pharmacology, psychology, and psychiatry) or shall we restrict ourselves to specific disciplines. Also, the defined criteria should enable us to critically evaluate and make objective comparisons of the different research studies that are available (Granello, 2001). For example, when we are talking about the medicinal uses of marijuana there is the physical as well as the psychological factors at play.  Purpose:  The non-scholarly article (which we shall refer to as NS in this discussion), is written to raise awareness about the increasingly negative effects of drinking too much beer in combination with other factors within the room where the victim is drinking. The purpose of the scholarly paper is to increase knowledge in the given area of effects of alcohol on perception using the cognitive neuroscience approach.  Intended audience:  The NS is targeting beer-drinking working-class adults while the scholarly article is targeting academics and scholars such as those in the fields of neuroscience and neuropsychology.  Structure:  NS is written in an informal, journalistic structure where the focus is on the appealing ‘beer goggle’ hypothesis. The scholarly article is divided into sections such present research, hypothesis, results, a discussion which enable the reader to logically follow the main argument of the paper.

Integration of Third Country Nationals in the EU Essay

Integration of Third Country Nationals in the EU - Essay Example In the last 20 years the issue of migration of third world citizens to the European countries has gained particular importance and the member states of the European Union have shown special concern to the matter. The first such move to address the matter was taken in the early 1990's with the treaty of Amsterdam which was first such move of the European Council taken in order to safeguard the social and political rights of third country nationals within the Europe. Such a move along with the ongoing efforts in trying to curtail the immigration in the Europe and tightening the Immigration and Asylum policies was conceived by many observers a stride towards a new culture that will be tolerant, supportive and nondiscriminatory towards the immigrants. Consequently the European Council met in 1999 and drafted a set of procedures at Tampere that guaranteed political rights and a treatment to the third world citizens that would be analogous to EU nationals. The main aim of the conference was to design an integrated policy for the entire European Union. Despite these efforts to homogenize the policies regarding the assimilation of the third world national a number of imperative decisions regarding the employment and other important economic and social aspects were left with the member states and this marked for the insufficiency of the measures to a great extent. One of the factors underlining the varying responses amongst the Europeans has been the d iscrepancy in the level of exposure to the immigrants. Certain have developed a great deal of deal of acumen regarding the issue through continuous interaction with the immigrant inflow for over a long time as compared to these nations a few of the EU member states have only lately been faced with immigration. This factor has resulted in a wide variety of approaches to find a resolution to the matter. As the percentage of the non-Europeans increases and with the every chance of further enhancement in the number the need for a regulated and uniform effort becomes more than significant. Moreover to eliminate the possible threats of discrimination, social exclusion, xenophobia and racism it is extremely vital to make a concerted effort to develop an effective set of policies and procedures regarding the integration of the third country inhabitants. What is Integration This has been subject that has been dealt with respect to a number of principal subject areas including sociology, mathematics and a number of other sciences. Often it has been defined as a term but very seldom has it been looked upon as a concept. Integration as a concept in the context of this subject has been defined as a dynamic, multidimensional process that incorporates mutual socioeconomic, political, legal and cultural accommodation by all immigrants and residents of Member States of the European Union. The basic aim behind the introduction of the phenomenon is to assimilate a universal culture within Europe and to train the third world nationals in the local language, norms, values and to develop them as a permanent fragment, notwithstanding of the color, of the European Society. Importance of Integration to the EU member states Democracy and equality have been popular slogans of the West in the latter part of the 20th century. Realizing that equal contribution by all parties is at the heart of democracy and that

Literature in contemporary societies Essay Example for Free

Literature in contemporary societies Essay The art of literature in contemporary societies has always led to more critical discussions between man and himself and between man and his neighbor. Literature pushes us to rethink our stance on normal societal norms and beliefs. Sula is such a work of art. It is the based on two women living at the Bottom in Ohio, a predominantly black community. Helen Wright is a socially conscious and quite a conservative woman. She has one daughter; Nel. Hannah Peace a beautiful flamboyant and a woman with many men at the Bottom is the mother of Sula. Sula is raised with Eva Peace, her grandmother who does not stifle her granddaughters freedom unlike Nel who comes from a restrictive household. Nel and Sula develop quite an inseparable and good friendship, a friendship that does not settle well with Helen who possesses grave misgivings due to the reputation of Sulas mother however she does not object openly after her realization that Sula is a very polite house guest. After High School these two great friends diverge ways for 10 years. Sula goes to college where she experiences a new wave of sexual promiscuity much like her mother. Nel On the other hand is married by a Bottoms resident, Jude Green. Their separation last for period of three years before Sula comes back from the college and their relationship resumes without any hindrance. However, this relationship is cut short when Nel learns of the relationship between Sula and Jude. This affair ends both the relationship between Jude and Nel as well as that of Nel as Sula who leaves the bottom for three years. Nel is forced to raise her two children alone and she doesnt communicate with Sula for the three years that she goes away. Their next meeting occurs when Sula is terribly sick and almost dying. Their last conversation before Sula dies constitutes the literary wealth of this masterpiece; it is the discussion between good and bad. She dies and is buried at the Bottom cemetery. Thereafter, Nel visits Eva Peace who is quite old and is kept in a nursing home where she tries to retell the moments she had together before Sula died. While walking home she begins to feel the loss of the relationship with the death of Sula, her single and true friend. Her judgment of Sula as bad begins to haunt her as she recalls an incident that happened when they were friends; the Chicken Little incident. Chicken little was a young boy who also lived at the Bottom. When playing on a tree, Sula lost grip and the child plunged in the river and drowned. They kept this secret for the whole of their lives. These are the memories that unsettled Nel emotionally, she begins to challenge the concepts of good and bad and the choices and sacrifices people make in life. Later on, she kills her drug addict sun as she struggles to raise his family single handedly. Sadly, we see her sitting and crying over Sulas grave at then cemetery as the story comes to an end. The story questions the decisions that people make in life; the calls for a rethinking of common societal problems. Critics mention the humor in the novel. For example the place called bottom is actually at the mountain top. The creation of binary oppositions in the novel not only makes it too interesting and informative but also lets the reader glance at the depth of common conventions in the community and the effect these societal conventions have on the lives of children who are supposed to be brought up in a comparatively free world where people are supposed to make free will. Satire as a theme is also developed in the story and it fuse well with the binary notion. The complexity of characters in the story conveys an account of human flaws in decision making and in the way we relate to other people in the community. While parents do everything in their power to ensure that their children justifiably lead a good life, little is done in ensuring that the children also get freedom. This makes the children not to acquire their own experiences in life but only proceed to copy the characters of their parents and grandparents. The fact that Sula turned out to be an exact replica of her mother and grandmother is an attestation to this fact. The book is feminine masterpiece and there is also an element of female chauvinism. This can be justified by the fact that all the major characters in the book are women and their actions are affected by men in a very little sense. Jude, Chicken Little and Nels son who became a drug addict after leaving the army are all victims of the women’s stereotyped dispositions. Shadrack being physically and emotionally scarred fro the experience of war is disowned and almost excommunicated by the community without the community fully understanding the reasons behind his behavior. Let us now give a critical analysis of Sula, the main character. Sula is the major influence on his friend Nel. Sula has been influenced by her mother leading to the passage of what can be argued to be a bad character trait through generations. Eva is a strong woman. She has endured loneliness, abject poverty but she is proud and unrelenting. Sula is quite an extraordinary woman, she is energetic but she has no suitable outlet to release her energies. This makes her potentially dangerous in that that she has no knowledge of wrongdoing. She does not understand that she sins when she sleeps with men and carelessly tosses them aside. Her sin is unintentional. The community, however do not understand the context of her upbringing or they simply do not care. They despise her but tolerate her. One very interesting aspect is that Sula is quite independent in her isolation, she does what she pleases and she simply does not care what everybody else does. She lives her the way it pleases her effectively earning her isolation from the community. After her death the rules shift suddenly, there is a renewed sense of acceptance, of defining right and wrong, good and bad. It is important to try and delve into the reasons why Nel and Sula united even after Sula betrayed their friendship by having an affair with Nels husband, Jude. Nel realizes that Sula was neither good nor evil; she was just indifferent to everything and everybody. Wives had to put extra effect in making sure that their husbands do not fall into bed with Sula, children were treated better so that they dont grow into adults who are indifferent and uncaring like Sula. This is good fortune to the bottom community because they were held together in the rethinking process. Remember the National Suicide day? After Sulas death the community did not have any productive outlet to channel their energies, they could not just sit and talk and so they become enraged and tear up the tunnel the result of unfocused energy. This eventual realization went a long way in ensuring that the residents of Bottom engaged in productive work for their survival. If Sula would have directed her energy to something else, maybe something a little more worthwhile would have resulted. Racial prejudice is highlighted when Jude is denied a chance to engage in the building of anew bridge, because of the color of his skin; he is denied the opportunity even though he is willing to do something productive. He stands in line for six days while the white boys get an opportunity to build the new River Road, his job at the hotel is demeaning and an insult to his masculinity. The scarcity of job opportunities remains to be the why Eva and Hannah had very little chance of gainful employment. They had to contend with the injustices being meted out on them because they were females and most importantly black. To escape the pangs of hunger in the winter, they have to prepare canned food in the summer. The life of Sula Peace, her childhood and her death in 1941is surrounded by the inability of the environment to shape her into a good woman The black community residing in Medallion; the bottom is judgmental but not in any way assisting to solve the crisis within itself. Sula’s life story shows us how the community and family can shape somebodys identity. She not only displays how children are nurtured but also her later relationship with the same community who natured her. She is a strong independent character but the community does not see her positive potentiality. To go against these societal norms she is not married and she sleeps around. The Peace family has been frowned upon by the Bottom community. This could have elicited an element of antagonism from Sula because she does not follow accepted societal conventions but in this case she is the protagonist and not the community. The novel poses her as the central character and the community constitutes only bits and pieces that seem to knit her life together in a predetermined fashion from the time of her birth to death. If change is to take place the community remains the playing field and Sula undoubtedly remains one of the players in the field. Whether she deserved to be rewarded for fearlessly instigating the rethinking process is not a matter of discussion as it is evident that her one and truly friend had in her own way knowingly or unknowingly lent credit to her stance in life by crying over her grave at the cemetery after realizing what Sula stood for. The character Sula is structure less, that any character interaction with her only invokes an element of structurelessness. This is because philosophically her evil is not her own but a reflection of what had been unknowingly imparted in her. Fortunately, her story is one where what is regarded as evil triggered change in the society. In analyzing one of the important masterpieces in the history of black American writing it is prudent to expunge on the growth of protagonism and non conformism in the society. The society’s vilification of the heroine Sula who does not fit into the society’s conformation of a heroine is a classic example of the inability of a people to look within themselves and try to solve the problems within its own structures. Works Cited Daniel Dawkins: A Character Analysis of Sula; Considering Morrisons Main Character as the Protagonist. 2008http://african-american fiction. suite101. com/article. cfm/a_character_analysis_of_sula Black Community Racism Racist Essays. http:www. 123helpme. com/preview. asp? id=87608 Solomon O. Iyasere and Marla W. Iyasere. Understanding Tony Morrisons Beloved and Sula: Selected Essays and Criticisms of the works of Nobel prize winning author. 2000

Romeo as a Tragic Hero Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

â€Å"A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life;† (Prologue, 6) Tragedy, events of great misfortune, has engulfed the world for centuries. Tragedy often giving rise to feelings of depression, anger, sorrow, and guilt. Romeo, in the tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, is a wealthy adolescent of the Montague family. He falls in love with young Juliet, of his rival family—the Capulets. Romeo’s infatuation with Juliet leads to a hasty desire for marriage. This creates a rash and careless mindset, making Romeo susceptible to errors in judgement. This same poor judgment causes Romeo to thoughtlessly slay Tybalt, as revenge for the death of his friend, Mercutio. Through fate, Romeo coincidentally falls in love with a Capulet, his family’s rival. It is ultimately Romeo’s hamartia, combined with chance, and death, that produce the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo is only human, an as such, will inevitably make errors—but some will have a much larger impact than others. Hamartia, or a tragic flaw, is an error in a certain character, which leads to his destruction. During the Capulet’s masquerade ball, Romeo is love-struck at the sight of Juliet, for â€Å"[he] ne’er saw true beauty till [that] night.† (I, v, 52). Romeo is suddenly entranced and overcome by emotion. Romeo feels forced to linger and see Juliet once again. He finds Juliet, on a balcony, unaware of his presence. Juliet secretly hopes Romeo would â€Å"refuse [his] father and refuse [his] name:† (II, ii, 34). Romeo, struggles with the notion of betrayal of his family. Refusing his father would lead to the loss of his entire inheritance. This choice imposes compromise upon Romeo. He must make a tough decision—his lifestyle or his love. Romeo’s naive infatuation with Jul... ...rong sense of pathos and pity in the audience. The viewers are meant to feel connected to the experiences of the actors by being reminded of similar circumstances in their own lives. Romeo’s hamartia, combined with chance and death truly do produce the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo’s tragic flaw leads to infatuation and haste—bringing about his recklessness. Chance then causes a chain of unfortunate events; Tybalt’s chance encounter causing Romeo’s exile, as well as Romeo’s fatal decision to commit suicide moments before Juliet’s awakening. Death adds yet another layer of tragedy, by connecting the loss of characters in the play to feared real-world loss of family and friends. Although tragedy was ever-present in Romeo and Juliet, the characters learned from their mistakes and grew stronger from their failures. Perhaps we will be able to do the same.

Middleware Essay

What is middleware? The term middleware is defined by one’s point of view. It is used to describe a broad array of tools and data that help applications use networked resources and services. Some tools, such as authentication and directories, are in all categorizations. Other services, such as coscheduling of networked resources, secure multicast, object brokering and messaging, are the major middleware interests of particular communities, such as scientific researchers and business systems vendors. One definition that reflects this breadth of meaning is â€Å"Middleware is the intersection of the stuff that network engineers don’t want to do with the stuff that applications developers don’t want to do. † Why is middleware important? Middleware has emerged as a critical second level of an enterprise IT infrastructure, sitting on top of the network level. The need for middleware stems from the increasing growth in the number of applications, in the customizations within those applications and the number of locations in our environments; these and other factors now require that a set of core data and services be moved from their multiple instances into a centralized institutional offering. This central provision of service eases application development, increases robustness, assists data management, and provides overall operating efficiencies. Okay, so it is important. Lots of things are these days. Why is it urgent? There are several drivers bringing middleware to campus; Advanced scientific computing environments such as PACI are placing requirements on campus researchers for middleware services such as authentication and directories. Library projects such as the UCOP/Columbia certificate project will be extending across a broader higher ed community . The Federal government is preparing requirements for digital signatures for student loan forms. New versions of software, such as Windows 2000, come with the tools to build ad hoc middleware components. What is urgent is that the campus builds a coherent infrastructure to respond to these drivers. What makes the higher ed and research communities distinctive in its need for middleware? Many companies and other communities of interest are rapidly understanding the importance of middleware to their missions and are proceeding with development. Higher education faces unique technical and policy issues in its deployment. Technical issues include the mobility of students, the diversity of equipment, and advanced application requirements. Policy issues include ownership of data, FERPA and other public records issues, and extended collaborative relationships. Together these considerations make the middleware deployment significantly harder within higher education. When middleware becomes part of the IT environment, how critical will a robust infrastructure be? The middleware components of the future IT environment will be every bit as critical as the underlying network infrastructure, requiring 7Ãâ€"24 service, high-performance, and appropriate redundancy. Directory services will be receive millions of hits per day; identifiers will have explicit control mechanisms; attribute services will be invoked by almost every application on campus; lawyers will place stringent operational constraints on security services. Is middleware a centralized or distributed issue on campus? It is both. Like network services on campus, there is a need for a consistent infrastructure across campus that is best provisioned centrally. At the same time, much of the contents of this infrastructure are best maintained by the individuals themselves and their departments. The trick is to create a centrally coordinated service that provides tools and authority for distributed management of the contents. Aren’t we going to get middleware from the commercial marketplace? It is certainly the case that most basic middleware products that higher education will deploy commercial products, from broad software companies such as Microsoft and Novell, and from specific product providers such as Netscape, HP, and ATT. However a number of distinctive characteristics of the higher ed community create design considerations that in turn cause complex implementations. In addition, the research part of the academic enterprise needs additional discipline-specific middleware that is likely not going to attract a commercial interest. Finally, the collaborative nature of higher education suggest interoperability issues that must be addressed within the community. What kind of investments will campuses need to make? Like networking, middleware will require considerable commitments of time and money. However, the types of costs are different. Networking has required large sums of capital (for fiber, routers, switches, etc. ) and considerable operating costs (for external access, maintenance, etc. ) Personnel costs have been relatively modest. For middleware, the hardware costs (servers, readers, etc. are likely to be relatively low. Software costs are unclear now, but there are clearly considerable expenses in building bridges to legacy systems and evolving middleware-enabled applications. Unlike networking, there is a second major cost component in middleware – process time. A campus must develop consensus and support for the need for middleware, clarify data ownership and management issues, specify relationships among individuals, groups and information technology objects, establish legal agreements and change the way that information is managed on the campus. How does the Internet2 Middleware Initiative intend to address these needs? Efforts will focus on advancing the level of middleware within higher education through a set of related activities, including fostering technical standards, aggregating and disseminating technical design and implementation strategies, fostering opportunities for vendors and Internet2 members to shape and deploy products, and integrating efforts with particular scientific and research communities. What should campuses be doing now? It is not to early for campuses to begin the processes that address the â€Å"policy-side† of the challenge, building awareness about the need for middleware, identifying key constituencies that will be involved in the process, and taking basic inventories of the data and management relationships on campus. At the same time, experimentation in the core technologies, most notably in directory services, should be undertaken.

The Sociological Context Of Healthcare Health And Social Care Essay

Ethnicity is a socially constructed term that refers to people sing themselves as different from another type of people in footings of hereditary background, faith, linguistic communication, civilization and where they originate from geographically. Harmonizing to Dyson ( 2005 ) , minority cultural groups are perceived to hold a different civilization or national tradition as compared to the bulk of the population. This explains that different cultural groups co-exist in England and the remainder of the UK. Harmonizing to Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) , this includes people of Afro- Caribbean descent, Africans and Asians merely to advert a few. Taylor and Field ( 2003, pg 72 ) suggest that being cultural agencies, â€Å" †¦ to be seen as a belongings of being black or Asiatic and in the minority†¦ † On the other manus, the bulk white population consists of the mainstream white British society that is dominant in the whole population. Furthermore, harmonizing to the Disea se Control Priorities Project ( 2006 ) , wellness position is a term used to mention to all countries of the wellness of persons in a state and the whole population ; and it includes disablements, mortality hazards and diseases. Therefore, harmonizing to statistics and statements by wellness specializers, sociologists and the media in Britain have ever argued that there is clear grounds of difference in the wellness position of minority cultural groups and the bulk white population. Some wellness sociologists argue that minority cultural groups in Britain and the UK tend to hold a less desirable and worse wellness position compared to the bulk white population due to several factors. Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) argue that racial favoritism undermines the wellness of minority cultural groups whether direct or indirect therefore impacting the people ‘s right to an first-class wellness service. Furthermore, they argue that due to the widening spread in mortality between the upper category and the working category has lead to ill wellness amongst cultural minority communities ; which hence has lead to the differences in wellness positions. Naidoo and Wills ( 2001 ) gave an illustration of institutional racism whereby slow reactions by health care professionals to cultural minority wellness have lead to less reding and testing for instances like reaping hook cell upset and thalassemia. Nazroo ( 1997a, cited in Culley and Dyson, 2001, pg 39 ) , argues that â€Å" †¦ the wellness positions of minority cultural groups in the UK appear, by and large talking, to be worse than the wellness position of the white populations†¦ † . This is a general statement that minority cultural groups are more challenged in footings of wellness compared to the bulk white group. Here, they have concluded from detecting forms in deceases and the causes amongst the population. Harmonizing to Culley and Dyson ( 2001 ) , they have observed forms in cultural factors, background, genetic sciences handiness of wellness services and economic factors. Harmonizing to the 1991 Census ( Culley and Dyson, 2001 ) the worse decease rates were for those persons born outside the UK. Marmot et Al ( 1984 ) published consequences of a survey which had been conducted between 1970 and 1978, on cultural minorities who died aged over twenty old ages in Britain and found out that all cultural mi norities born outside Britain had a higher decease rate runing from mere accidents to tuberculosis compared to the bulk white population. In physical wellness, statistical grounds indicates that persons born in the Caribbean tend to hold lower decease rates as a consequence of lung malignant neoplastic disease, whilst Indian persons besides have high decease hazards due to lung malignant neoplastic disease ; in comparing to Irish and Scots persons who have had high decease hazards from bosom disease and lung malignant neoplastic disease. Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) argued that Asiatic groups tend to hold higher rates of bosom disease and diabetes compared to the bulk white population. They besides observed that the Black groups tend to hold higher rates of high blood force per unit area, diabetes and shot compared to the bulk white population. Sproston and Mindell ( 2006 ) found out from the 2004 Health Survey for England consequences that Indian male childs in Britain have a higher frequence of extended unwellness compared to the misss and other cultural minority groups. In support of consequences from a wellness study, Nazroo ( 1997a ) explained that minority cultural groups indicated well high degrees of self-reported ailment wellness compared to the white population ; particularly those of Pakistani/ Bangladeshi and Caribbean descent. They all reported worse bosom wellness and instances of diabetes compared to their white opposite numbers. In relation to mental wellness instances, Karlsen et Al ( 2005 ) argued that higher rates of treated mental wellness jobs ( schizophrenic disorder ) have been reported for cultural minorities particularly black groups compared to their white opposite numbers. Morgan et Al ( 2004 ) found out that immature black African and Caribbean work forces tend to acquire more constabularies invasion and fewer hospitalization, household intercession and rehabilitation taking to long periods of psychotic agony compared to any other societal group. Reasons from these sociologists were that: Afro Caribbean male childs have been labelled as violent and threatening by head-shrinkers so the minute they approach them for aid, they are already viewed as excessively disturbed upon first presentation at the GP ( physicians ‘ ) . Surveies besides indicated a higher standard mortality rate ( SMR ) amongst Caribbean ; with work forces making 176, whilst 210 for adult females for mental health-related jo bs. However, these statistics did non include the Irish minority. Concentrating on mental wellness, harmonizing to Culley and Dyson ( 2001 ) , surveies have shown a high prevalence of persons from African and Afro-Caribbean descent to be three to five times more likely than Whites to be diagnosed with schizophrenic disorder ( Bagley, 1971 ; Littlewood and Lipsedge, 1988 ) . Cochrane and Bal ( 1989 ) observed that these consequences apply more to immature African and Afro Caribbean work forces who largely were born in Britain. Nazroo ( 1997b ) observed the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities and found out that Caribbean young persons enduring from mental wellness jobs yearly amounted to fourteen per 1000 compared to the Whites ‘ eight per 1000. This brings out a decision that a greater per centum of cultural minorities had a worse wellness position compared to the white bulk. Furthermore, harmonizing to Balarajan and Botting ( 1989 ) , the pre-birth mortality rates in Britain are higher amongst cultural minority adult females in comparing to babes of British born female parents. They found out that there were 16 deceases per one 1000 live for babes belonging to Pakistani female parents between 1986 and 1988 ; compared to nine for babies belonging to British Born female parents. This is another ground why the wellness position of minority cultural groups is worse than that of the bulk white population. Another ground for the difference in wellness position between these two societal groups is lifestyle. Surveies indicate that persons in a manual societal category, or who tend to make blue-collar manual labor ( working category ) have a higher mortality rate compared to white neckband or non-manual societal categories ( Phillimore et Al, 1994 ) . This besides means that persons in the working category have higher ego reported unwellnesss compared to those i n the non-manual societal category ( white neckband occupations, e.g managerial and high paying occupations ) . Harmonizing to Platt ( 2007 ) , poorness and want is known to be prevailing amongst cultural minority groups compared to the remainder of the population. Groups that suffer most include Africans, Afro – Caribbean persons, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, Indians and Chinese. Such want ends up taking to hapless life conditions, deficiency of nutrient, wellness commissariats finally taking to ill wellness ; hence this confirms the worse wellness position of cultural minorities compared to the bulk white population ( National Statistics, 2006 ) . However, although the wellness position of cultural minorities seems to be much worse than that of the bulk white population, â€Å" †¦ the life anticipation of both work forces and adult females has improved throughout the twentieth Century†¦ † ( Clarke, 2001, pg 130 ) . Besides, harmonizing to Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) , nowadays cultural minority communities ( African, Asiatic and Indian ) seem to hold similar degrees of health care proviso, if non better, compared to the bulk white population. Decision: Although to a higher extent there are more grounds for the difference in the wellness statuses amongst cultural minorities and white bulk, the new thoughts today, if implemented good, could assist cut down the difference. The differences in wellness positions between cultural minority groups and the bulk white groups in Britain is clearly an issue. Pierson ( 2002 ) argued that socio-inequality in health care could be reduced by bettering the health care proviso for cultural minority groups ; hence finally, acquiring rid of the differences in the wellness positions of both societal groups ( cultural minorities and white bulk ) . Pierson ( 2002 ) suggested that antidiscrimination policies could be implemented through increasing the public assistance and benefits for the disadvantaged ; and, including the less privileged cultural minority groups in determination devising. This would assist better the health care from everyone ‘s point of position, from every societal category.

Why CO2 Isnt an Organic Compound

Why CO2 Isn't an Organic Compound If organic chemistry is the study of carbon, then why isnt carbon dioxide considered to be an organic compound? The answer is because organic molecules dont just contain carbon. They contain hydrocarbons or carbon bonded to hydrogen. The C-H bond has lower bond energy than the carbon-oxygen bond in carbon dioxide, making carbon dioxide  (CO2) more stable/less reactive than the typical organic compound. So, when youre determining whether a carbon compound is organic or not, look to see whether it contains hydrogen in addition to carbon and whether the carbon is bonded to the hydrogen. Past Methods of Distinguishing Between Organic and Inorganic Although carbon dioxide contains carbon and has covalent bonds, it also fails the older test for whether or not a compound could be considered organic: Could a compound be produced from inorganic sources? Carbon dioxide occurs naturally from processes that are definitely not organic. It is released from volcanoes, minerals, and other inanimate sources. This definition of organic fell apart when chemists started to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic sources. For example, Wohler made urea (an organic) from ammonium chloride and potassium cyanate. In the case of carbon dioxide, yes, living organisms produce it, but so do many other natural processes. Thus, it was classified as inorganic. Other Examples of Inorganic Carbon Molecules Carbon dioxide isnt the only compound that contains carbon but isnt organic. Other examples include carbon monoxide (CO), sodium bicarbonate, iron cyanide complexes, and carbon tetrachloride. As you might expect, elemental carbon isnt organic either. Amorphous carbon, buckminsterfullerene, graphite, and diamond are all inorganic.

Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum

Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum Spartas one colony, Tarentum, in Italy, was a wealthy commercial center with a navy, but an inadequate army. When a Roman squadron of ships arrived at the coast of Tarentum, in violation of a treaty of 302 that denied Rome access to its harbor, the Tarentines sank the ships, killed the admiral, and added insult to injury by spurning Roman ambassadors. To retaliate, the Romans marched on Tarentum, which hired soldiers from King Pyrrhus of Epirus (in modern Albania) to help defend it. Pyrrhus troops were heavy-armed foot soldiers with lances, a cavalry, and a herd of elephants. They fought the Romans in the summer of 280 B.C. The Roman legions were equipped with (ineffective) short swords, and the Roman cavalry horses couldnt stand against the elephants. The Romans were routed, losing about 7000 men, but Pyrrhus lost perhaps 4000, whom he couldnt afford to lose. Despite his diminished manpower, Pyrrhus advanced from Tarentum to the city of Rome. Arriving there, he realized he had made a mistake and asked for peace, but his offer was rejected. Soldiers had always come from the propertied classes, but under the blind censor Appius Claudius, Rome now drew troops from citizens without property. Appius Claudius was from a family whose name was known throughout Roman history. The gens produced Clodius Pulcher (92-52 B.C.) the flamboyant tribune whose gang caused trouble for Cicero, and the Claudians in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors. An evil early Appius Claudius pursued and brought a fraudulent legal decision against a free woman, Verginia, in 451 B.C. They trained through the winter and marched in the spring of 279, meeting Pyrrhus near Ausculum. Pyrrhus again won by virtue of his elephants and again, at great cost to himself a Pyrrhic victory. He returned to Tarentum and again asked Rome for peace. A couple of years later, Pyrrhus attacked Roman troops near Malventum/Beneventum; this time, unsuccessfully. Defeated, Pyrrhus left with the surviving fraction of the troops he had brought with him. When the garrison Pyrrhus had left behind in Tarentum departed in 272, Tarentum fell to Rome. In the terms of their treaty, Rome did not require the people of Tarentum to supply troops, as it did with most allies, but instead Tarentum had to provide ships. Rome now controlled Magna Graecia in the south, as well as most of the rest of Italy to the Gauls in the north. Source: A History of the Roman Republic, by Cyril E. Robinson, NY Thomas Y. Crowell Company Publishers: 1932

Why I choose my major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I choose my major - Essay Example The mission is inspired by the catholic principles of human dignity, solidarity, manifestation of the human freedom, and the common good. The vision of the organization is also based on the human dignity. The curriculum of the institution, which most motivated the choosing, requires students taking marketing to complete sixteen courses in addition to their business and economic courses (The Catholic university of America, pp. 1-4). The course prepares students on how to research consumer needs and be able to develop products and services which satisfy those needs. The students are also prepared on means on how they can communicate the advantages of services and products via effective promotions that influence demand positively. Majoring in marketing will help boost the management course I did in Bahrain. In addition to this, it will enable acquiring of the best skills that are much needed in any successful organization. Having done management as the first degree, marketing as an additional course will help understand how the whole organization works from management to the juniors through marketing. In order to complete the course, one is required to take philosophy, theology, humanities, literature, writing, and composition. The other courses will very much contribute to the expansion of my career and field. Due to the additional courses offered by the organization as core units, they will assist in flexibilit y in the job market and management of the organization (The Catholic university of America, pp. 1-2). Another point of consideration was the foundation of the university. As the institution is founded on catholic values, it will add upon the understanding of the religious values and teachings as well as diversification of the religious field. The culture of the institution and that of Americans will also help in understanding of the different ways of living by different people.

CHAUTAUQUA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CHAUTAUQUA - Essay Example This is a goal, which a first year engineering student should develop although long term (DiLaura 07). Consequently, having a family should also be a goal of a student, as every moral life requires a family. A goal map than can be used to accomplish the above goals includes scoring satisfactory grades in the engineering collage from all the exams. This entails developing proficient qualities of listening and understanding, taking notes and being active in class. Good grades guarantee a degree in engineering after which I seek for an outstanding engineering job (DiLaura 05). With full experience after working in another firm, running, my engineering firm is not a difficult task. Over the past two years, there are various goals; I have achieved; first, I succeeded in securing a chance in the engineering collage. This is a marvelous achievement considering my background. Consequently, I have attended varied classes on computer studies to impart skills later applicable in life. Students who dodge their classes opting to other activities have goals but at the same time have detractors. The student, therefore, follows other people’s goals instead of his own goals (DiLaura 12). In conclusion, goal setting is a step in realizing any success. Lack of commitment often forces people to abolish their goals, which is a wrong step in life. It is, therefore, noteworthy that students focus on their goals for success. DiLaura, David. Being smart is not enough, Chautauquas for first year engineering students. New York, NY: Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering Department of The College of Engineering and Applied Science in The University of Colorado at Boulder, 1998.